Banner photo: IRENA: Geopolitics of the Energy Transition: Critical Minerals
Nature’s Minimum Inventory/Maximum Diversity Toolkit
Welcome to the Periodic Kingdom. This is the kingdom of the chemical elements, the substances from which everything tangible is made. From the one hundred elements all planets, rocks, vegetation and animals are made. These elements are the basis of the air, the oceans and the Earth itself. We stand on elements, we eat elements, we are the elements.
P.K. Atkins. Periodic Kingdom: A Journey Into The Land of The Chemical Elements
Synergy
The integrated behaviors of whole systems unpredicted by the behavior of any of their parts, or the sub-assemblies of their parts.
This present Imbalance in the availability of [equitable] material advances to all is the prime aspect of our recurrent global crises. The world is clearly divided into 'have' and 'have not' peoples - as the geographically unequal distribution of physical resources becomes further sharpened by a correspondingly inequable distribution of the knowledge, and the technology resulting from that knowledge, which transforms the physical resources of the earth into higher standards of living for man.
R. Buckminster Fuller, 1964
The 92 naturally occurring chemical elements are our fundamental inventory of the components with which the universe is constructed. The periodic table displays the entire inventory of elements arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. Bucky proposed compiling an Inventory of World Resources for the purpose of identifying where the critical resources can be found and in what quantities. Their identified geographic locations have generated dynamic networks of relationships, tensions and conflicts throughout history that respond to technological innovation and changing material needs.
The United States is heavily reliant on imports of certain mineral commodities vital to its national security and economy. This dependency creates strategic vulnerabilities that can play themselves out in a variety of ways including technology innovation, trade wars, public unrest and even war.
Every other country in the world finds itself in a similar situation. That’s because the world’s resources are not distributed evenly, and because we remain under the spell of a capitalist-driven world view that rewards competition over cooperation. Any vision for creating a just society has to take into account the role that resource-driven colonialism has played in world affairs throughout history.
Today, a significant percentage of mineral resources vital to national economies and for mounting a renewable energy-based response to climate change are concentrated in a few countries. Many of those are in Africa. Countries and corporations have descended upon the Democratic Republic of the Congo for example to gain control over their copper mines — a source of cobalt. Manufacturers of smartphones, electric vehicles, and wind turbines need cobalt. The relationships some have established with resource-rich countries is often characterized as a new form of colonialism. Apple sources directly from mines. China currently accounts for about 95 percent of the world’s rare earth output. They also purchase foreign mines.
See: Sourcing Rare Earths and Critical Minerals
Options for reducing an uncomfortable reliance on imported critical minerals include:
Searching for domestic sources
Recycling
Substituting materials
Developing new designs that eliminate or reduce reliance on imported minerals
Each of these options is much easier said than exercised.
“The metals already scrapped from obsolete machinery and structures, which recirculate on a sum-total-of-all-metals-average every twenty-two years, are now able to do so much more work with ever less weight per each given function with each recirculation as to make the present scrap resources of almost all metals adequate to take care of all humanity’s forward needs.”
Buckminster Fuller | Critical Path
The overrunning of the Philippines knocked out at one murderous blow a quarter of the U.S. supplies of chromite. Without chromite the U.S. cannot make a pound of armor plate. The overrunning of Malaysia cut off three-fourths of the U.S. imports of tin. Without tin the U.S. cannot certain vital solders and alloys or keep its military commissariat moving slowly. War on all fronts has crippled the flow of three-fourths of the U.S. supplies of manganese. Without manganese the U.S. cannot make a ton of steel.
Such are the first, bitter losses of ground in those strategic metals that are found in such small or low-grade (that is, low metal content) deposits within the continental U.S. that America must import or die.
The crisis is barely realized. Few people are aware that one month after Pearl Harbor a squad of top U.S. specialists, metallurgists and geologists packed themselves into a plane for South America to get going on an all-out metals survey of Latin America.
Fortune Magazine | March 1942
“We’re under attack from climate change—and our only hope is to mobilize like we did in WWII.”
Crtical Minerals In World War 2
From one important perspective the Second World War can be viewed as an economic struggle for the control and exploitation of the world's strategic minerals. Certainly the demands of total war called forth the extraction of raw materials - wood and vegetable products - as well as minerals, from all continents on an unprecedented scale.
Africa's Strategic Minerals During the Second World War by Raymond Dumett
The Journal of African History , 1985, Vol. 26, No. 4, World War II and Africa
Fuller often retuned to the concept of the “alloy,” the chemical or metallurgical mixture whose properties are unforeseeable and irreducible to those discoverable in the separated states, yet which in amalgamation are able to form a new type and order of machine. Here again, capacity for action and expression is always the end product sought for by design philosophy and design science.
Fuller Themselves | By Sanford Kwinter | ANY (Architecture New York) | No.17| ©1997
This is an excellent analysis of how a number of properties of minerals and alloys impact technical and economic decisions in the quest for magnets to power the global energy transition.
The. Race for Critical Minerals | February 2023
Industrialized countries around the world appear locked in a competition for finite mineral supplies critical to the energy transition. Countries and companies aim to reduce supply chain risk, yet this creates another kind of risk as offtake agreements and equity stakes claim critical mineral supplies for some while leaving other parties with insufficient supply to achieve their Net Zero ambitions.
Decarbonization and the voyage to Net Zero require many changes to the energy sector, including the electrification of transport and buildings. As we have discussed before, demand for critical minerals needed for this transition, such as cobalt, lithium, copper, nickel, rare earths (REEs), and graphite, is expected to rise substantially. Rising prices and competition help drive the IEA’s World Energy Outlook prediction that the critical minerals’ market will grow from $40 billion in 2020 to $280 billion by 2030 and $400 billion by 2050.
In this pictorial periodic table, each element box has a drawing of one of the element's main human uses or natural occurrences. Source: elements.wlonk.com.
418.04 All the first 92 chemical elements are the finitely comprehensive set of purely abstract physical principles governing all the fundamental cases of dynamically symmetrical, vectorial geometries and their systematically selfknotting, i.e., precessionally self-interfered, regenerative, inwardly shunting events. 418.05 The chemical elements are each unique pattern integrities formed by their self-knotting, inwardly precessing, periodically synchronized selfinterferences. Unique pattern evolvement constitutes elementality. What is unique about each of the 92 self- regenerative chemical elements is their nonrepetitive pattern evolvement, which terminates with the third layer of 92.
418.06 Independent of their isotopal variations of neutron content, the 92 self- regenerative chemical elements belong to the basic inventory of cosmic absolutes. The family of prime elements consists of 92 unique sets of from one to 92 electron-proton counts inclusive, and no others.
Buckminster Fuller | Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking
Cumulative total of key inventions of science and technology plotted against the discovery of Nature’s 92 regenerative elements. Synergetics: Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking | Buckminster Fuller.
As computer chips became smaller and more powerful, their architecture required more elements that could deliver higher performance without overheating or otherwise self-destructing. Those elements (including rare earth elements) had to be located mined and processed at great expense of time, energy, resources and capital.
Critical Mineral Resources of the United States - An Introduction | U.S. Department of the Interior | U.S. Geological Survey | 2017
